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Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B 1, is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient for humans and animals. [3] [4] It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication. [1] [5] Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino ...
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism and synthesis of red blood cells. [ 1][ 2] They are a chemically diverse class of compounds. [ 1] Dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamins are referred to by B-number or by chemical name ...
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD) is a redox -active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group, which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Many flavoproteins are known: components of ...
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy- trans -stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol or polyphenol and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. [ 6][ 7] Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries ...
Secondary metabolite. Structural formula for the amino acid pipecolic acid, which contrary to other amino acids is not used as a building block in proteins. In some plants, pipecolic acid act as a defense compound against microorganisms. [ 1] Because of its limited presence, pipecolic acid is considered a secondary metabolite.
Benfotiamine. Benfotiamine ( rINN, or S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate) is a synthetic, fat-soluble, S -acyl derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) that is approved in some countries as a medication or dietary supplement to treat diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Benfotiamine was developed in late 1950s in Japan. [ 1][ 2]
β-Carotene ( beta -carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, [ 7] plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons .
IPR002112. Activator protein 1 ( AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. [ 1] AP-1 controls a number of cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. [ 2]