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Vietnamese uses 22 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.The four remaining letters are not considered part of the Vietnamese alphabet although they are used to write loanwords, languages of other ethnic groups in the country based on Vietnamese phonetics to differentiate the meanings or even Vietnamese dialects, for example: dz or z for southerner pronunciation of v in standard Vietnamese.
In French, œ is called e dans l'o [ə dɑ̃ lo], which means e in the o (a mnemotechnic pun used first at school, sounding like (des) œufs dans l'eau, meaning eggs in water) or sometimes o et e collés, (literally o and e glued) and is a true linguistic ligature, not just a typographic one (like the fi or fl ligatures), reflecting etymology.
As the "umlaut" diacritic, it indicates a sound shift – also known as umlaut – in which a back vowel becomes a front vowel.It is a specific feature of German and other Germanic languages, affecting the graphemes a , o , u and au , which are modified to ä , ö , ü and äu .
A-umlaut was written as an A with a small e written above (Aͤ aͤ): this minute e degenerated to two vertical bars in medieval handwriting (A̎ a̎). In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots. Æ, a highly similar ligature evolving from the same origin as Ä, evolved in the Icelandic, Danish and Norwegian alphabets.
This chart provides audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart.
ae is used in Irish for /eː/ between two "broad" consonants, e.g. Gael /ɡeːlˠ/ "a Gael". In Latin, ae originally represented the diphthong /ae/, before it was monophthongized in the Vulgar Latin period to /ɛ/; in medieval manuscripts, the digraph was frequently replaced by the ligature æ .
The digraph gu is sometimes used to indicate a hard g pronunciation before i e y (e.g. guess, guitar, Guinness), including cases where e is silent (e.g., rogue, intrigue, catalogue, analogue). In some cases, the intervening u is pronounced as /w/ (distinguish, unguent).
I before E, except after C" is a mnemonic rule of thumb for English spelling. If one is unsure whether a word is spelled with the digraph ei or ie , the rhyme suggests that the correct order is ie unless the preceding letter is c , in which case it may be ei .