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  2. Luhn algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm

    Luhn algorithm. The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in US patent 2950048A, granted on 23 August 1960. [ 1]

  3. Luhn mod N algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_mod_N_algorithm

    Luhn mod N algorithm. The Luhn mod N algorithm is an extension to the Luhn algorithm (also known as mod 10 algorithm) that allows it to work with sequences of values in any even-numbered base. This can be useful when a check digit is required to validate an identification string composed of letters, a combination of letters and digits or any ...

  4. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  5. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    Modulo. In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another (called the modulus of the operation). Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the ...

  6. Linear-feedback shift register - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-feedback_shift_register

    In computing, a linear-feedback shift register ( LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. The most commonly used linear function of single bits is exclusive-or (XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift register value.

  7. Truth table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table

    A truth table is a structured representation that presents all possible combinations of truth values for the input variables of a Boolean function and their corresponding output values. A function f from A to F is a special relation, a subset of A×F, which simply means that f can be listed as a list of input-output pairs.

  8. Parity bit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bit

    In the case of odd parity, the coding is reversed. For a given set of bits, if the count of bits with a value of 1 is even, the parity bit value is set to 1 making the total count of 1s in the whole set (including the parity bit) an odd number. If the count of bits with a value of 1 is odd, the count is already odd so the parity bit's value is 0.

  9. Reduced residue system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_residue_system

    Reduced residue system. In mathematics, a subset R of the integers is called a reduced residue system modulo n if: gcd ( r, n) = 1 for each r in R, R contains φ ( n) elements, no two elements of R are congruent modulo n. [1] [2] Here φ denotes Euler's totient function . A reduced residue system modulo n can be formed from a complete residue ...