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Bohr's formula was W τ 2 − W τ 1 = hν where W τ 2 and W τ 1 denote the energy levels of quantum states of an atom, with quantum numbers τ 2 and τ 1. The symbol ν denotes the frequency of a quantum of radiation that can be emitted or absorbed as the atom passes between those two quantum states.
In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to a power of the change, independent of the initial size of those quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another. For instance, considering the area of a ...
Number density. The number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects ( particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density.
a measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. [61] In Boltzmann's analysis in terms of constituent particles, entropy is a measure of the number of possible microscopic states (or microstates) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium.
The fine-structure constant, α, has several physical interpretations. α is: The ratio of two energies: the energy needed to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between two electrons a distance of d apart, and. the energy of a single photon of wavelength λ = 2πd (or of angular wavelength d; see Planck relation ): α = ( e 2 4 π ε 0 d ...
e. Schrödinger's equation inscribed on the gravestone of Annemarie and Erwin Schrödinger. ( Newton's dot notation for the time derivative is used.) The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system. [1] : 1–2 Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development ...
In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. [1] [2] The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein 's formula: . [3] In a reference frame where the system is moving, its ...
This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear to travel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity is given in terms of the wavelength λ (lambda) and time period T as. Equivalently, in terms of the wave's angular ...