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Physical layer. The Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) model is a reference model from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection." [2] In the OSI reference model, the communications between systems are split ...
Data link layer. 1. Physical layer. In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium.
Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are electronic devices that are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data transmission in a computer network. [1] Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts, end ...
An optical transport network ( OTN) is a digital wrapper that encapsulates frames of data, to allow multiple data sources to be sent on the same channel. This creates an optical virtual private network for each client signal. ITU-T defines an optical transport network as a set of optical network elements (ONE) connected by optical fiber links ...
For example, if a network appliance is intended to be connected through the Internet to many end-user mobile devices, only a single such device may be depicted for the purposes of showing the general relationship between the appliance and any such device. Cisco symbolization. Cisco uses its own brand of networking symbols. Since Cisco has a ...
The Ethernet physical layer has evolved over its existence starting in 1980 and encompasses multiple physical media interfaces and several orders of magnitudeof speed from 1 Mbit/sto 400 Gbit/s. The physical medium ranges from bulky coaxial cableto twisted pairand optical fiberwith a standardized reach of up to 80 km.
Multiple choice ( MC ), [1] objective response or MCQ (for multiple choice question) is a form of an objective assessment in which respondents are asked to select only correct answers from the choices offered as a list. The multiple choice format is most frequently used in educational testing, in market research, and in elections, when a person ...
An internetwork is the connection of multiple different types of computer networks to form a single computer network using higher-layer network protocols and connecting them together using routers. The Internet is the largest example of internetwork. It is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private ...