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Luhn algorithm. The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in U.S. Patent No. 2,950,048, granted on August 23, 1960.
For example, a four-bit counter can have a modulus of up to 16 (2^4). Counters are generally classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. In synchronous counters, all flip-flops share a common clock and change state at the same time. In asynchronous counters, each flip-flop has a unique clock, and the flip-flop states change at different ...
Frequency divider. A frequency divider, also called a clock divider or scaler or prescaler, is a circuit that takes an input signal of a frequency, , and generates an output signal of a frequency: where is an integer. Phase-locked loop frequency synthesizers make use of frequency dividers to generate a frequency that is a multiple of a ...
t. e. Pulse-width modulation ( PWM ), also known as pulse-duration modulation ( PDM) or pulse-length modulation ( PLM ), [1] is any method of representing a signal as a rectangular wave with a varying duty cycle (and for some methods also a varying period ). PWM is useful for controlling the average power or amplitude delivered by an electrical ...
In computing, a linear-feedback shift register ( LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. The most commonly used linear function of single bits is exclusive-or (XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift register value.
Asynchronous circuit ( clockless or self-timed circuit) [1] : Lecture 12 [note 1] [2] : 157–186 is a sequential digital logic circuit that does not use a global clock circuit or signal generator to synchronize its components. [1] [3] : 3–5 Instead, the components are driven by a handshaking circuit which indicates a completion of a set of ...
Phase-locked loop. A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop ( PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...