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Proprietary drug is a substantial business protected by its respective patent. They are usually sold at a higher price, to compensate for the clinical trial cost and sometimes for the manufacturing of new technology. For example, an widely used average proprietary drug is 18 times more expensive than a common generic drug.
Open-source intelligence. Open source intelligence ( OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data gathered from open sources (covert sources and publicly available information) to produce actionable intelligence. OSINT is primarily used in national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence functions and is of value to analysts who ...
Proprietary trading. Proprietary trading (also known as prop trading) occurs when a trader trades stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, their derivatives, or other financial instruments with the firm's own money (instead of using depositors' money) to make a profit for itself. [ 1] Proprietary trading can create potential conflicts of ...
Proprietary software that comes for no cost is called freeware. Proponents of commercial proprietary software argue that requiring users to pay for software as a product increases funding or time available for the research and development of software. For example, Microsoft says that per-copy fees maximize the profitability of software ...
Open science is the movement to make scientific research (including publications, data, physical samples, and software) and its dissemination accessible to all levels of society, amateur or professional. [ 2 ][ 3 ] Open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks. [ 4 ]
Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs.In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which are international nonproprietary names (INNs); and trade names, which are brand names. [1]
The Theory of Moral Sentiments is a 1759 book by Adam Smith. [1] [2] [3] It provided the ethical, philosophical, economic, and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including The Wealth of Nations (1776), Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), and Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896).
Intellectual property ( IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. [ 1][ 2] There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. [ 3][ 4][ 5] The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. The modern concept of intellectual ...