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  2. Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid...

    "The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...

  3. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

    Literacy. v. t. e. Fountas & Pinnell reading levels (commonly referred to as "Fountas & Pinnell") are a proprietary system of reading levels developed by Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell and published by Heinemann to support their Levelled Literacy Interventions (LLI) series of student readers and teacher resource products. [ 1]

  4. Academic grading in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the...

    t. e. In the United States, academic grading commonly takes on the form of five, six or seven letter grades. Traditionally, the grades are A+, A, A−, B+, B, B−, C+, C, C−, D+, D, D− and F, with A+ being the highest and F being lowest. In some cases, grades can also be numerical. Numeric-to-letter-grade conversions generally vary from ...

  5. Norm-referenced test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm-referenced_test

    A norm-referenced test ( NRT) is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured. Assigning scores on such tests may be described as relative grading, marking on a curve ( BrE) or grading on a curve ( AmE, CanE) (also ...

  6. Functional illiteracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_illiteracy

    t. e. Functional illiteracy consists of reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level". [ 1] Those who read and write only in a language other than the predominant language of their environs may also be considered functionally illiterate. [ 2]

  7. Heinrich Brüning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Brüning

    Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning ( pronounced [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ] ⓘ; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932. A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the ...

  8. Educational stage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_stage

    Educational stages are subdivisions of formal learning, typically covering early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education.The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognizes nine levels of education in its International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) system (from Level 0 (pre-primary education) through Level 8 ...

  9. List of American and Canadian Graded races - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_and...

    The list of American and Canadian Graded races is a list of Thoroughbred horse races in the United States and Canada that meet the graded stakes standards maintained by the American Graded Stakes Committee of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association [ 1] and the Jockey Club of Canada. A specific grade level (I, II, III or listed) is ...