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Top Secret is the highest level of classification. However some information is further categorized/marked by adding a code word so that only those who have been cleared for each code word can see it. A document marked SECRET (CODE WORD) could be viewed only by a person with a secret or top secret clearance and that specific code word clearance.
Compartments of information are identified by code words. This is one means by which the "need to know" principle is formally and automatically enforced. [citation needed] In order to have access to material in a particular SCI "compartment", the person must first have the clearance level for the material.
A list of several such code words can be seen at Byeman Control System. Exercise terms – a combination of two words, normally unclassified, used exclusively to designate an exercise or test; In 1975, the Joint Chiefs of Staff introduced the Code Word, Nickname, and Exercise Term System (NICKA) which automated the assignment of names. NICKA ...
Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to know. Mishandling of the material can incur criminal penalties. A formal security clearance is required to view or handle classified material. The clearance process requires a satisfactory background investigation.
A sensitive compartmented information facility ( SCIF / skɪf / ), in United States military, national security/national defense and intelligence parlance, is an enclosed area within a building that is used to process sensitive compartmented information (SCI) types of classified information . SCIFs can be either permanent or temporary and can ...
Young National Guardsman Jack Teixeira had a top-secret security clearance and access to documents meant for Pentagon leaders, raising questions in and outside government.
Hence, varying levels of clearance within organizations exist. Yet, even if someone has the highest clearance, certain "compartmentalized" information, identified by codewords referring to particular types of secret information, may still be restricted to certain operators, even with a lower overall security clearance.
It is possible that the term itself, supposedly suggested by Winston Churchill, was a "backronym"—a phrase created to fit an acronym such as the existing "To Gibraltar" code. The list of personnel cleared to know details of Overlord was known as the BIGOT list, and the people on it were known as "Bigots".