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It is known that ζ(3) is irrational (Apéry's theorem) and that infinitely many of the numbers ζ(2n + 1) : n ∈ , are irrational. [1] There are also results on the irrationality of values of the Riemann zeta function at the elements of certain subsets of the positive odd integers; for example, at least one of ζ (5), ζ (7), ζ (9), or ζ ...
The gamma function is an important special function in mathematics. Its particular values can be expressed in closed form for integer and half-integer arguments, but no simple expressions are known for the values at rational points in general. Other fractional arguments can be approximated through efficient infinite products, infinite series ...
List of representations of e. List of representations of. e. The mathematical constant e can be represented in a variety of ways as a real number. Since e is an irrational number (see proof that e is irrational ), it cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers, but it can be represented as a continued fraction.
In binary (base-2) math, multiplication by a power of 2 is merely a register shift operation. Thus, multiplying by 2 is calculated in base-2 by an arithmetic shift . The factor (2 −1 ) is a right arithmetic shift , a (0) results in no operation (since 2 0 = 1 is the multiplicative identity element ), and a (2 1 ) results in a left arithmetic ...
Tetration is also defined recursively as. allowing for attempts to extend tetration to non-natural numbers such as real, complex, and ordinal numbers . The two inverses of tetration are called super-root and super-logarithm, analogous to the nth root and the logarithmic functions.
In the most familiar acuity test, a Snellen chart is placed at a standard distance: 6 metres. At this distance, the symbols on the line representing "normal" acuity subtend an angle of five minutes of arc, and the thickness of the lines and of the spaces between the lines subtends one minute of arc. This line, designated 6/6 (or 20/20), is the ...
The indeterminate form is particularly common in calculus, because it often arises in the evaluation of derivatives using their definition in terms of limit. As mentioned above, (see fig. 1) while. (see fig. 2) This is enough to show that is an indeterminate form. Other examples with this indeterminate form include.
For any integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n + 1 ≡ 4 (mod 6). Equivalently, n − 1 / 3 ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if n ≡ 4 (mod 6). Conjecturally, this inverse relation forms a tree except for the 1–2–4 loop (the inverse of the 4–2–1 loop of the unaltered function f defined in the Statement of the problem section of ...