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In binary (base-2) math, multiplication by a power of 2 is merely a register shift operation. Thus, multiplying by 2 is calculated in base-2 by an arithmetic shift . The factor (2 −1 ) is a right arithmetic shift , a (0) results in no operation (since 2 0 = 1 is the multiplicative identity element ), and a (2 1 ) results in a left arithmetic ...
It is known that ζ(3) is irrational (Apéry's theorem) and that infinitely many of the numbers ζ(2n + 1) : n ∈ , are irrational. [1] There are also results on the irrationality of values of the Riemann zeta function at the elements of certain subsets of the positive odd integers; for example, at least one of ζ (5), ζ (7), ζ (9), or ζ ...
The gamma function is an important special function in mathematics. Its particular values can be expressed in closed form for integer and half-integer arguments, but no simple expressions are known for the values at rational points in general. Other fractional arguments can be approximated through efficient infinite products, infinite series ...
Continued fraction. A finite regular continued fraction, where is a non-negative integer, is an integer, and is a positive integer, for . In mathematics, a continued fraction is an expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a number as the sum of its integer part and the reciprocal of another number, then writing this ...
Tetration is also defined recursively as. allowing for attempts to extend tetration to non-natural numbers such as real, complex, and ordinal numbers . The two inverses of tetration are called super-root and super-logarithm, analogous to the nth root and the logarithmic functions.
The indeterminate form is particularly common in calculus, because it often arises in the evaluation of derivatives using their definition in terms of limit. As mentioned above, (see fig. 1) while. (see fig. 2) This is enough to show that is an indeterminate form. Other examples with this indeterminate form include.
The golden ratio's negative −φ and reciprocal φ−1 are the two roots of the quadratic polynomial x2 + x − 1. The golden ratio is also an algebraic number and even an algebraic integer. It has minimal polynomial. This quadratic polynomial has two roots, and. The golden ratio is also closely related to the polynomial.
Fibonacci sequence. In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn . The sequence commonly starts from 0 and 1, although some authors start the sequence from 1 and 1 or sometimes ...