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The impact of underwater sound can be reduced by limiting the sound exposure received by an animal. The maximum sound exposure level recommended by Southall et al. [54] for cetaceans is 215 dB re 1 μPa 2 s for hearing damage. Maximum sound pressure level for behavioural effects is dependent on context (Southall et al. [54]).
Absolute threshold of hearing. The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH), also known as the absolute hearing threshold or auditory threshold, is the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average human ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present. The absolute threshold relates to the sound that can just be heard by the ...
The commonly stated range of human hearing is 20 to 20,000 Hz. [6][7][note 1] Under ideal laboratory conditions, humans can hear sound as low as 12 Hz [8] and as high as 28 kHz, though the threshold increases sharply at 15 kHz in adults, corresponding to the last auditory channel of the cochlea. [9] The human auditory system is most sensitive ...
Sound localization is the process of determining the location of a sound source. The brain utilizes subtle differences in intensity, spectral, and timing cues to localize sound sources. [3][4][5] Localization can be described in terms of three-dimensional position: the azimuth or horizontal angle, the elevation or vertical angle, and the ...
An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure level, over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones. [1] The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness contours. By definition, two sine waves of differing ...
The acoustic reflex (also known as the stapedius reflex, [1] stapedial reflex, [2] auditory reflex, [3] middle-ear-muscle reflex (MEM reflex, MEMR), [4] attenuation reflex, [5] cochleostapedial reflex [6] or intra-aural reflex [6]) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to loud sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize.
Tinnitus is a variety of sound that is heard when no corresponding external sound is present. [1] Nearly everyone experiences faint "normal tinnitus" in a completely quiet room; but it is of concern only if it is bothersome, interferes with normal hearing, or is associated with other problems. [6]
Other physical health effects. Traffic noise may also increase the risk of sleep disturbances, stroke, diabetes, and becoming overweight. [2] Noise pollution is an environmental health concern since it is often a risk factor for developing other diseases like tinnitus or impaired speech discrimination. [32]