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In the theory of quadratic forms, the parabola is the graph of the quadratic form x 2 (or other scalings), while the elliptic paraboloid is the graph of the positive-definite quadratic form x 2 + y 2 (or scalings), and the hyperbolic paraboloid is the graph of the indefinite quadratic form x 2 − y 2. Generalizations to more variables yield ...
() = + is called the vertex form, where h and k are the x and y coordinates of the vertex, respectively. The coefficient a is the same value in all three forms. To convert the standard form to factored form , one needs only the quadratic formula to determine the two roots r 1 and r 2 .
Quadratic formula. The roots of the quadratic function y = 1 2 x2 − 3x + 5 2 are the places where the graph intersects the x -axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.
Quadratic equation. In mathematics, a quadratic equation (from Latin quadratus ' square ') is an equation that can be rearranged in standard form as [ 1] where x represents an unknown value, and a, b, and c represent known numbers, where a ≠ 0. (If a = 0 and b ≠ 0 then the equation is linear, not quadratic.)
In particular, (x, y, 1) is such a system of homogeneous coordinates for the point (x, y). For example, the Cartesian point (1, 2) can be represented in homogeneous coordinates as (1, 2, 1) or (2, 4, 2). The original Cartesian coordinates are recovered by dividing the first two positions by the third.
For example, a 7-simplex is (1,1) 8 = (1,2,1) 4 = (1,4,6,4,1) 2 = (1,8,28,56,70,56,28,8,1). The number of 1-faces (edges) of the n -simplex is the n -th triangle number , the number of 2-faces of the n -simplex is the ( n − 1) th tetrahedron number , the number of 3-faces of the n -simplex is the ( n − 2) th 5-cell number, and so on.
Vertex (graph theory) A graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges where the vertex number 6 on the far-left is a leaf vertex or a pendant vertex. In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a ...
The vertex-connectivity statement of Menger's theorem is as follows: . Let G be a finite undirected graph and x and y two nonadjacent vertices. Then the size of the minimum vertex cut for x and y (the minimum number of vertices, distinct from x and y, whose removal disconnects x and y) is equal to the maximum number of pairwise internally disjoint paths from x to y.