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Learn about the history, variations and insecurity of the pigpen cipher, a geometric simple substitution cipher that uses symbols in a grid. The cipher is also known as the masonic cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher and tic-tac-toe cipher.
Kryptos is a sculpture by Jim Sanborn at the CIA headquarters in Virginia, featuring four copper plates with coded texts. The first three messages have been deciphered, but the fourth one remains a mystery and may involve a Hill cipher.
The Beale ciphers are three encrypted messages allegedly revealing the location of a buried treasure in Virginia. The story was published in 1885 by James B. Ward, who claimed to have deciphered one of the ciphers and to have been a friend of the treasure's owner.
The Enigma machine was a cipher device used by Nazi Germany and other countries to protect secret messages. Learn how it worked, how it was broken by Poland, France, and Britain, and how it influenced World War II.
Learn how the Allies broke the Enigma cipher machine used by the Axis powers in World War II, using mathematical and technological methods. Explore the history, structure, and principles of the Enigma cipher system and its decryption techniques.
A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that replaces each letter in the plaintext with a letter some fixed number of places down the alphabet. It is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence, and has various applications and variations.
A hidden message is information that is not immediately noticeable, and that must be discovered or uncovered and interpreted before it can be known. Learn about different techniques of creating hidden messages, such as backmasking, phonetic reversal, and steganography, and see some examples of legitimate and controversial uses.
A book cipher is a cipher in which each letter or word of the plaintext is replaced by a code that locates it in another text, the key. Learn about the history, security, and examples of book ciphers, such as the Beale ciphers and the Cicada 3301 mystery.