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In this regard, Berlo speaks of the source-encoder and the decoder-receiver. Treating the additional components separately is especially relevant for technical forms of communication. For example, in the case of a telephone conversation, the message is transmitted as an electrical signal and the telephone devices act as encoder and decoder.
A hardware viterbi decoder of punctured codes is commonly implemented in such a way: A depuncturer, which transforms the input stream into the stream which looks like an original (non punctured) stream with ERASE marks at the places where bits were erased.
In the process of encoding, the sender (i.e. encoder) uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images, video) and non-verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions) symbols for which he or she believes the receiver (that is, the decoder) will understand. The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions.
FAAD2 – open-source decoder for Advanced Audio Coding. There is also FAAC, the same project's encoder, but it is proprietary (but still free of charge). libgsm – Lossy compression ; opencore-amr – Lossy compression (AMR and AMR-WB) liba52 – a free ATSC A/52 stream decoder (AC-3) libdca – a free DTS Coherent Acoustics decoder
A differential encoder provides the operation, a differential decoder - the operation. Both differential encoder and differential decoder are discrete linear time-invariant systems. The former is recursive and IIR, the latter is non-recursive and thus FIR. They can be analyzed as digital filters.
Distributed coding is the coding of two, in this case, or more dependent sources with separate encoders and a joint decoder.Given two statistically dependent independent and identically distributed finite-alphabet random sequences and , the Slepian–Wolf theorem gives a theoretical bound for the lossless coding rate for distributed coding of the two sources.
As was already mentioned, Lagrange interpolation can be used to efficiently retrieve the message from a codeword. However, a decoder needs to work even if the codeword has been corrupted in a few positions, that is, when the received word is different from any codeword. In this case, a local decoding procedure can help.
There are many different instances of turbo codes, using different component encoders, input/output ratios, interleavers, and puncturing patterns. This example encoder implementation describes a classic turbo encoder, and demonstrates the general design of parallel turbo codes. This encoder implementation sends three sub-blocks of bits.