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In microbiology, in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in a whole organism, rather than in live isolated cells, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro. [citation needed]
DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide units, which are linked by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, in a repeating structure. DNA synthesis occurs when these nucleotide units are joined to form DNA; this can occur artificially ( in vitro) or ...
In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology and its subdisciplines are traditionally done in labware such as test tubes, flasks, Petri dishes, and microtiter ...
Ex vivo. Ex vivo brainstem: (A) coronal view displaying the anterior portion of the tissue sample, (B) sagittal view displaying the left-hand side of the tissue sample [1] Ex vivo ( Latin: "out of the living") literally means that which takes place outside an organism. [2] In science, ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or ...
DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA -binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells. The regulation of transcription has been studied extensively, and yet there is still much that is unknown.
Insemination. Insemination is the introduction of sperm into a female 's reproductive system in order to fertilize the female for sexual reproduction. [1] [2] The sperm is introduced into the uterus of a mammal or the oviduct of an oviparous (egg-laying) animal. Female mammals are inseminated during sexual intercourse / copulation, but can also ...
Hemolysis or haemolysis ( / hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs / ), [1] also known by several other names, is the rupturing ( lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents ( cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma ). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro . One cause of hemolysis is the action of hemolysins, toxins that ...
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants ( in vivo ), or on living cells or tissues ( in vitro ). [1] [2] A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. [3] If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal; if not, it is ...