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The factor theorem is also used to remove known zeros from a polynomial while leaving all unknown zeros intact, thus producing a lower degree polynomial whose zeros may be easier to find. Abstractly, the method is as follows: [3] Deduce the candidate of zero of the polynomial from its leading coefficient and constant term .
For paper-and-pencil methods, see Factorization § Polynomials. In mathematics and computer algebra, factorization of polynomials or polynomial factorization expresses a polynomial with coefficients in a given field or in the integers as the product of irreducible factors with coefficients in the same domain. Polynomial factorization is one of ...
Quartic equation. hide. Not to be confused with Quadratic equation. In mathematics, a quartic equation is one which can be expressed as a quartic function equaling zero. The general form of a quartic equation is. Graph of a polynomial function of degree 4, with its 4 roots and 3 critical points. where a ≠ 0.
The polynomial x 2 + 2x + 2, on the other hand, is primitive. Denote one of its roots by α. Then, because the natural numbers less than and relatively prime to 3 2 − 1 = 8 are 1, 3, 5, and 7, the four primitive roots in GF(3 2) are α, α 3 = 2α + 1, α 5 = 2α, and α 7 = α + 2. The primitive roots α and α 3 are algebraically conjugate.
A finite field or Galois field is a field with a finite order (number of elements). The order of a finite field is always a prime or a power of prime. For each prime power q = pr, there exists exactly one finite field with q elements, up to isomorphism. This field is denoted GF ( q) or Fq.
In linear algebra, the Cholesky decomposition or Cholesky factorization (pronounced / ʃəˈlɛski / shə-LES-kee) is a decomposition of a Hermitian, positive-definite matrix into the product of a lower triangular matrix and its conjugate transpose, which is useful for efficient numerical solutions, e.g., Monte Carlo simulations.
The difference of two squares is used to find the linear factors of the sum of two squares, using complex number coefficients. For example, the complex roots of can be found using difference of two squares: (since ) Therefore, the linear factors are and . Since the two factors found by this method are complex conjugates, we can use this in ...
The quadratic excess E ( p) is the number of quadratic residues on the range (0, p /2) minus the number in the range ( p /2, p) (sequence A178153 in the OEIS ). For p congruent to 1 mod 4, the excess is zero, since −1 is a quadratic residue and the residues are symmetric under r ↔ p − r.