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  2. Hilbert's problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_problems

    4. Problem of the straight line as the shortest distance between two points. 5. Lie's concept of a continuous group of transformations without the assumption of the differentiability of the functions defining the group. 6. Mathematical treatment of the axioms of physics. 7. Irrationality and transcendence of certain numbers. 8.

  3. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    The Collatz conjecture states that all paths eventually lead to 1. The Collatz conjecture [a] is one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics. The conjecture asks whether repeating two simple arithmetic operations will eventually transform every positive integer into 1.

  4. Goldbach's conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach's_conjecture

    Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than 4 × 10 18 but remains unproven despite considerable effort.

  5. Fermat's Last Theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_Last_Theorem

    Fermat–Catalan conjecture. In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many ...

  6. Prime number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number

    A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a ...

  7. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related structures ...

  8. Commutative property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property

    In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. "3 + 4 = 4 + 3" or "2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be used in more ...

  9. Foundations of mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics

    t. e. Foundations of mathematics is the logical and mathematical framework that allows the development of mathematics without generating self-contradictory theories, and, in particular, to have reliable concepts of theorems, proofs, algorithms, etc. This may also include the philosophical study of the relation of this framework with reality.

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