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  2. Type I and type II errors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors

    Type I and type II errors. In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error, or a false positive, is the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is actually true. For example, an innocent person may be convicted. A type II error, or a false negative, is the failure to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false.

  3. False positives and false negatives - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false...

    In statistical hypothesis testing, the analogous concepts are known as type I and type II errors, where a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis, and a negative result corresponds to not rejecting the null hypothesis. The terms are often used interchangeably, but there are differences in detail and interpretation due to ...

  4. Analytical chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry

    Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter. [ 1] In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates analytes.

  5. List of scientific misconduct incidents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific...

    Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research. A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries gave examples of policy definitions. In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention [al ...

  6. Laboratory quality control - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_quality_control

    An example of a Levey–Jennings chart with upper and lower limits of one and two times the standard deviation. A Levey–Jennings chart is a graph that quality control data is plotted on to give a visual indication whether a laboratory test is working well. The distance from the mean is measured in standard deviations.

  7. Measurement uncertainty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty

    Measurement uncertainty. In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a quantity measured on an interval or ratio scale. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty ...

  8. Westgard rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgard_Rules

    The Westgard rules are a set of statistical patterns, each being unlikely to occur by random variability, thereby raising a suspicion of faulty accuracy or precision of the measurement system. They are used for laboratory quality control, in "runs" consisting of measurements of multiple samples. They are a set of modified Western Electric rules ...

  9. Scientific control - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_control

    A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables ). [ 1] This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the ...

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