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The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1] [2] [3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4] It is different from the more general practice effect, defined in the APA Dictionary of ...
The forward testing effect, also known as test potentiated new learning, is a psychological learning theory which suggests that testing old information can improve learning of new information. [1] Unlike traditional learning theories in educational psychology which have established the positive effect testing has when later attempting to ...
Coolidge effect. Crespi effect. Cross-race effect. Curse of knowledge. Diderot effect. Dunning–Kruger effect. Einstellung effect. Endowment effect. Face superiority effect.
Stroop effect. Naming the displayed color of a printed word is an easier and quicker task if the word matches the color (top) than if it does not (bottom). In psychology, the Stroop effect is the delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli. The effect has been used to create a psychological test (the Stroop test) that is ...
20th-century rise in intelligence test scores. The Flynn effectis the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligencetest scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher James Flynn(1934–2020). [1][2]When intelligence quotient(IQ) tests are initially ...
Priming (psychology) Priming is a concept in psychology to describe how exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention. [1] [2] [3] The priming effect is the positive or negative effect of a rapidly presented stimulus (priming stimulus) on the processing of a second stimulus ...
Reactivity is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. [1] The change may be positive or negative, and depends on the situation. It is a significant threat to a research study's external validity and is typically controlled for using blind experiment designs ...
Framing effect (psychology) The framing effect is a cognitive bias in which people decide between options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations. [1] Individuals have a tendency to make risk-avoidant choices when options are positively framed, while selecting more loss-avoidant options when presented ...