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Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation of a circle is (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 where a and b are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the radius. Cartesian coordinates are named for René Descartes, whose invention of them in the 17th century revolutionized ...
In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy - Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′ -Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle . A point P has coordinates ( x, y) with respect to the ...
When viewed at a position along the positive z-axis, the ¼ turn from the positive x-to the positive y-axis is counter-clockwise. For left-handed coordinates, the above description of the axes is the same, except using the left hand; and the ¼ turn is clockwise. Interchanging the labels of any two axes reverses the handedness.
The first of these signed ordered pairs is the abscissa of the corresponding point, and the second value is its ordinate. In common usage, the abscissa refers to the x coordinate and the ordinate refers to the y coordinate of a standard two-dimensional graph. [ 1][ 2] The distance of a point from the y axis, scaled with the x axis, is called ...
The axes of the original frame are denoted as x, y, z and the axes of the rotated frame as X, Y, Z.The geometrical definition (sometimes referred to as static) begins by defining the line of nodes (N) as the intersection of the planes xy and XY (it can also be defined as the common perpendicular to the axes z and Z and then written as the vector product N = z × Z).
Using the x-convention, the 3-1-3 extrinsic Euler angles φ, θ and ψ (around the z-axis, x-axis and again the -axis) can be obtained as follows: = (,) = = (,) Note that atan2( a , b ) is equivalent to arctan a / b where it also takes into account the quadrant that the point ( b , a ) is in; see atan2 .
corresponds to a rotation of approximately −74° around the axis (− 1 / 2 ,1,1) in three-dimensional space. The 3 × 3 permutation matrix = [] is a rotation matrix, as is the matrix of any even permutation, and rotates through 120° about the axis x = y = z. The 3 × 3 matrix
By rotating the cube by 45° on the x-axis, the point (1, 1, 1) will therefore become (1, 0, √ 2) as depicted in the diagram. The second rotation aims to bring the same point on the positive z-axis and so needs to perform a rotation of value equal to the arctangent of 1 ⁄ √ 2 which is approximately 35.264°.