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File-system permissions. Most file systems include attributes of files and directories that control the ability of users to read, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system. In some cases, menu options or functions may be made visible or hidden depending on a user's permission level; this kind of user interface is referred to ...
The graphical identification and authentication (GINA) is a component of Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, [ 1] Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 [ 2] that provides secure authentication and interactive logon services. GINA is a replaceable dynamically linked library that is loaded early in the boot process in the context of ...
Windows Resource Protection aims to protect core registry keys and values and prevent potentially damaging system configuration changes, besides operating system files. The non-use of ACLs in Windows File Protection was a design choice: Not only did it allow operation on non-NTFS systems, but it prevented those same "bad" installers from ...
Group Policy. Group Policy is a feature of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems (including Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Windows 11, and Windows Server 2003+) that controls the working environment of user accounts and computer accounts. Group Policy provides centralized management and configuration of operating ...
The Security Account Manager ( SAM) is a database file [ 1] in Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8.1, 10 and 11 that stores users' passwords. It can be used to authenticate local and remote users. Beginning with Windows 2000 SP4, Active Directory authenticates remote users. SAM uses cryptographic measures to prevent unauthenticated users ...
Shell, file manager. File Explorer, previously known as Windows Explorer, is a file manager application and default desktop environment that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems, as well as user interface elements such ...
With Windows XP, the Start button has been updated to support Fitts's law.To help the user access a wider range of common destinations more easily from a single location, the Start menu was expanded to two columns; the left column focuses on the user's installed applications, while the right column provides access to the user's documents, and system links which were previously located on the ...
using share-access controls that allow applications to specify whole-file access-sharing for read, write, or delete [2] using byte-range locks to arbitrate read and write access to regions within a single file [3] by Windows file systems disallowing executing files from being opened for write or delete access; Windows inherits the semantics of ...