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A system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption that comprise the economic structure of a given community.
The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics (1987) is the title of the first New Palgrave edition. It is a four-volume reference edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman. It has 4,000 pages of entries, including 1,300 subject entries (with 4,000 cross-references), and 655 biographies.
The economics term cost, also known as economic cost or opportunity cost, refers to the potential gain that is lost by foregoing one opportunity in order to take advantage of another. The lost potential gain is the cost of the opportunity that is accepted. Sometimes this cost is explicit: for example, if a firm pays $100 for a machine, its cost ...
The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". [22] The term is ultimately derived from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an ...
In economics, a medium of exchange is any item that is widely acceptable in exchange for goods and services. [ 1] In modern economies, the most commonly used medium of exchange is currency. Most forms of money are categorised as mediums of exchange, including commodity money, representative money, cryptocurrency, and most commonly fiat money.
In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation: where, for a given period, M {\displaystyle M\,} is the total money supply in circulation on average in an economy. V {\displaystyle V\,} is the velocity of money, that is the average frequency with which a unit of money is spent. P {\displaystyle P\,} is the price level.
Stabilization policy attempts to stimulate an economy out of recession or constrain the money supply to prevent excessive inflation. Fiscal policy, often tied to Keynesian economics, uses government spending and taxes to guide the economy. Fiscal stance: The size of the deficit or surplus. Tax policy: The taxes used to collect government income ...
In macroeconomics and economic policy, a floating exchange rate (also known as a fluctuating or flexible exchange rate) is a type of exchange rate regime in which a currency 's value is allowed to fluctuate in response to foreign exchange market events. [ 1] A currency that uses a floating exchange rate is known as a floating currency, in ...