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Luhn algorithm. The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in US patent 2950048A, granted on 23 August 1960. [ 1]
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
For example, a four-bit counter can have a modulus of up to 16 (2^4). Counters are generally classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. In synchronous counters, all flip-flops share a common clock and change state at the same time. In asynchronous counters, each flip-flop has a unique clock, and the flip-flop states change at different ...
Modulo. In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another (called the modulus of the operation). Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the ...
For power-of-2 integer division, a simple binary counter can be used, clocked by the input signal. The least-significant output bit alternates at 1/2 the rate of the input clock, the next bit at 1/4 the rate, the third bit at 1/8 the rate, etc. An arrangement of flipflops is a classic method for integer-n division. Such division is frequency ...
Asynchronous circuit ( clockless or self-timed circuit) [1] : Lecture 12 [note 1] [2] : 157–186 is a sequential digital logic circuit that does not use a global clock circuit or signal generator to synchronize its components. [1] [3] : 3–5 Instead, the components are driven by a handshaking circuit which indicates a completion of a set of ...
Asynchronous method dispatch (AMD), a data communication method used when there is a need for the server side to handle a large number of long lasting client requests. [3] Using synchronous method dispatch (SMD), this scenario may turn the server into an unavailable busy state resulting in a connection failure response caused by a network ...
Concurrent computing. Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently —during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially— with one completing before the next starts. This is a property of a system—whether a program, computer, or a network —where there is a separate execution ...