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  2. Class invariant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_invariant

    In computer programming, specifically object-oriented programming, a class invariant (or type invariant) is an invariant used for constraining objects of a class. Methods of the class should preserve the invariant. The class invariant constrains the state stored in the object. Class invariants are established during construction and constantly ...

  3. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    Only a few object-oriented languages actually allow this (for example, Python when typechecked with mypy). C++, Java and most other languages that support overloading and/or shadowing would interpret this as a method with an overloaded or shadowed name. However, Sather supported both covariance and contravariance.

  4. Comparison of data-serialization formats - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_data...

    Comparison of data-serialization formats. This is a comparison of data serialization formats, various ways to convert complex objects to sequences of bits. It does not include markup languages used exclusively as document file formats .

  5. Primitive data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_data_type

    JavaScript. In JavaScript, there are 7 primitive data types: string, number, bigint, boolean, symbol, undefined, and null. [ 19] Their values are considered immutable. These are not objects and have no methods or properties; however, all primitives except undefined and null have object wrappers.

  6. Comparison of Java and C++ - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_C++

    In C++, it is possible to have uninitialized primitive objects. Java enforces default initialization. In C++, it is possible to have an allocated object to which there is no valid reference. Such an unreachable object cannot be destroyed (deallocated), and results in a memory leak. In contrast, in Java an object will not be deallocated by the ...

  7. Exception handling syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax

    Exception handling syntax. Exception handling syntax is the set of keywords and/or structures provided by a computer programming language to allow exception handling, which separates the handling of errors that arise during a program's operation from its ordinary processes.

  8. Factory method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern

    In object oriented programming, the factory method pattern is a design pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify their exact class. Rather than by calling a constructor, this is done by calling a factory method to create an object. Factory methods can either be specified in an ...

  9. Component Object Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Model

    Component Object Model ( COM) is a binary-interface technology for software components from Microsoft that enables using objects in a language-neutral way between different programming languages, programming contexts, processes and machines . COM is the basis for other Microsoft domain specific component technologies including OLE, OLE ...