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Biocomplexity. Biocomplexity spiral. ' Biocomplexity' is a multidisciplinary field that examines and investigates emergent properties arising from the interaction of multiple biological agents, phenomena, and systems, which may range in spatiotemporal scales, biological relationships,interactions and levels from molecules to ecosystems.
e. In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole. Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems.
Emergentism. Emergentism is the belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind. A property of a system is said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the system and their interaction, while it is itself different from them. [1] Within the philosophy of science, emergentism is ...
e. Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong ...
A flock of aukletsexhibit swarm behaviour. Swarm behaviour, or swarming, is a collective behaviourexhibited by entities, particularly animals, of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps moving en masseor migratingin some direction. It is a highly interdisciplinary topic.
Emergent evolution. Emergent evolution is the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities.
Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a glib summary of this proposal. [ 4] The concept of holism can inform the methodology ...
Plant morphology. Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. [1] This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, [1] which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. [2] Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants.