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Luhn algorithm. The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in U.S. Patent No. 2,950,048, granted on August 23, 1960.
Galois/Counter Mode. In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode ( GCM) [1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. [3] [4] [5] Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV must be non-repeating, and for some modes must also be random.
The algorithmic state machine ( ASM) is a method for designing finite state machines (FSMs) originally developed by Thomas E. Osborne at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) since 1960, [1] introduced to and implemented at Hewlett-Packard in 1968, formalized and expanded since 1967 and written about by Christopher R. Clare since 1970.
State-transition table. In automata theory and sequential logic, a state-transition table is a table showing what state (or states in the case of a nondeterministic finite automaton) a finite-state machine will move to, based on the current state and other inputs. It is essentially a truth table in which the inputs include the current state ...
The Karnaugh(/ˈkɑːnɔː/) map (KM or K-map) is a method of simplifying Boolean algebra expressions. Maurice Karnaugh introduced it in 1953 [1] [2] as a refinement of Edward W. Veitch 's 1952 Veitch chart , [3] [4] which itself was a rediscovery of Allan Marquand 's 1881 logical diagram [5] [6] aka Marquand diagram [4] but now with a focus ...
State diagram. A state diagram for a door that can only be opened and closed. A state diagram is used in computer science and related fields to describe the behavior of systems. State diagrams require that the system is composed of a finite number of states. Sometimes, this is indeed the case, while at other times this is a reasonable abstraction.