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Upon receiving these three identical copies, the device sends a link code word with the acknowledge bit set to one from six times to eight times. 15: next page – used to indicate the intention of sending other link code words after the base link code word; The technology ability field is composed of eight bits. For IEEE 802.3, these are as ...
The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and, for IEEE 802 and similar networks, provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces. Implementation 12 early ISA 8 bit and 16 bit PC network cards.
Promiscuous mode is often used to diagnose network connectivity issues. There are programs that make use of this feature to show the user all the data being transferred over the network. Some protocols like FTP and Telnet transfer data and passwords in clear text, without encryption, and network scanners can see this data.
The NDIS is a library of functions often referred to as a "wrapper" that hides the underlying complexity of the NIC hardware and serves as a standard interface for level 3 network protocol drivers and hardware level MAC drivers. The NDIS versions supported by various Windows versions are as follows: [1] The traffic accepted by the NIC is ...
The Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) was introduced as part of the Wired for Management [2] framework by Intel and is described in the specification published by Intel and SystemSoft. PXE version 2.0 was released in December 1998, and the update 2.1 was made public in September 1999. [3] The PXE environment makes use of several standard ...
Time-Sensitive Networking ( TSN) is a set of standards under development by the Time-Sensitive Networking task group of the IEEE 802.1 working group. [1] The TSN task group was formed in November 2012 by renaming the existing Audio Video Bridging Task Group [2] and continuing its work. The name changed as a result of the extension of the ...
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a congestion control algorithm that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, along with other schemes including slow start [1] and a congestion window (CWND), to achieve congestion avoidance. The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for ...
TCP timestamps are not normally aligned to the system clock and start at some random value. Many operating systems will increment the timestamp for every elapsed millisecond; however, the RFC only states that the ticks should be proportional. There are two timestamp fields: a 4-byte sender timestamp value (my timestamp)