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As industrialization spread throughout Europe and North America in the 19th century, demands for raw materials increased. Although the Philippines had been prohibited from trading with nations other than Spain, the demand led Spain, under Governor-General José Basco, to open the ports to international trade as both as a source of raw materials ...
The Philippine Revolution [7] was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain in the archipelago. The Philippines was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered a massive ...
[14]: 103–104 In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Filipino society. [15] [16] In 1808, when Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain, the liberal constitution of Cadiz was adopted, giving the Philippines representation in the Spanish Cortes. However, once the Spanish overthrew the ...
The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence. However, in 1942 during World War II, Japan occupied the Philippines. The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945. The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established the independent Philippine Republic.
The system of indirect government helped in the pacification of the rural areas, and institutionalized the rule and role of an upper class, referred to as the " principalía " or the " principales ", until the fall of the Spanish regime in the Philippines in 1898. [ 21]: 726–727;735. The Spanish dominion brought serious modifications to the ...
Ilustrado. The Ilustrados ( Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite", [1] "learned" [2] or "enlightened ones" [3]) constituted the Filipino intelligentsia ( educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. [4] [5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.
e. The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on ...
The secularization movement in the Philippines under Spanish colonial administration from the 18th to late 19th century advocated for greater rights for native Filipino Catholic clergymen. The movement had significant implications to Filipino nationalism and the Philippine Revolution.