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The BBC in the UK was the first broadcaster to include closed captions (called subtitles in the UK) in 1979 based on the Teletext framework for pre-recorded programming. Real-time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed by the National Captioning Institute in 1982. [ 2 ]
The British passport is a travel document issued by the United Kingdom or other British dependencies and territories to individuals holding any form of British nationality. It grants the bearer international passage in accordance with visa requirements and serves as proof of citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from ...
Teletext (or "broadcast teletext") is a television information retrieval service developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s. It offers a range of text-based information, typically including national, international and sporting news, weather and TV schedules. Subtitle (or closed captioning) information is also transmitted in the teletext ...
The National Captioning Institute, Inc. (NCI) is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization [3] that provides real-time and off-line closed captioning, subtitling and translation, described video, web captioning, and Spanish captioning for television and films. Created in 1979 [5] and headquartered in Chantilly, Virginia, the organization was the ...
Teletext was created in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s by John Adams, Philips' lead designer for video display units to provide closed captioning to television shows for the hearing impaired. [6] Public teletext information services were introduced by major broadcasters in the UK, [7] starting with the BBC's Ceefax service in 1974. [8]
Subtitles exist in two forms; open subtitles are 'open to all' and cannot be turned off by the viewer; closed subtitles are designed for a certain group of viewers, and can usually be turned on or off or selected by the viewer – examples being teletext pages, U.S. Closed captions (608/708), DVB Bitmap subtitles, DVD or Blu-ray subtitles.
The current British passport. Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom. As of 2024, British citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 192 countries and territories, ranking the British passport 4th in the world according to ...
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