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  2. Luhn algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm

    Luhn algorithm. The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in U.S. Patent No. 2,950,048, granted on August 23, 1960.

  3. Galois/Counter Mode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois/Counter_Mode

    Galois/Counter Mode. In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode ( GCM) [1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.

  4. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  5. Block cipher mode of operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation

    A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. [3] [4] [5] Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV must be non-repeating, and for some modes must also be random.

  6. CCM mode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_mode

    CCM mode. CCM mode ( counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code; counter with CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both authentication and confidentiality. CCM mode is only defined for block ciphers with a block length of 128 bits.

  7. Algorithmic state machine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_State_Machine

    The algorithmic state machine ( ASM) is a method for designing finite state machines (FSMs) originally developed by Thomas E. Osborne at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) since 1960, [1] introduced to and implemented at Hewlett-Packard in 1968, formalized and expanded since 1967 and written about by Christopher R. Clare since 1970.

  8. File:GCM-Galois Counter Mode with IV.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GCM-Galois_Counter...

    Galois/Counter Mode; Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Mode d'opération (cryptographie) Usage on id.wikipedia.org Mode operasi penyandian blok; Usage on ko.wikipedia.org 갈루와/카운터 모드; Usage on ru.wikipedia.org Galois/Counter Mode; Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Galois/Sayaç Modu; Usage on zh.wikipedia.org 伽罗瓦/计数器模式

  9. Ladder logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic

    Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks as used in manufacturing and process control. [1] Each device in the relay rack would be represented by a symbol on the ladder diagram with connections between those devices shown. In addition, other items external to the relay rack such as pumps ...