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Antony Flew. Antony Garrard Newton Flew ( / fluː /; 11 February 1923 – 8 April 2010) [1] was an English philosopher. Belonging to the analytic and evidentialist schools of thought, Flew worked on the philosophy of religion. During the course of his career he taught philosophy at the universities of Oxford, Aberdeen, Keele, and Reading in the ...
Jean Meslier ( French: [melje]; also Mellier; 15 June 1664 [1] – 17 June 1729) was a French Catholic priest ( abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. Described by the author as his "testament" to his parishioners, the text criticizes and denounces all ...
Julian Baggini (1968–): British writer specialising in the philosophy of personal identity, author of Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. [10] Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876): Russian philosopher, writer and anarchist. [11] Roland Barthes (1915–1980): French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician.
Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein's religious views have been widely studied and often misunderstood. [1] Albert Einstein stated "I believe in Spinoza's God ". [2] He did not believe in a personal God who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve. [3]
e. Pascal's wager is a philosophical argument advanced by Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), seventeenth-century French mathematician, philosopher, physicist, and theologian. [1] This argument posits that individuals essentially engage in a life-defining gamble regarding the belief in the existence of God . Pascal contends that a rational person ...
The Atheist's wager, coined by the philosopher Michael Martin and published in his 1990 book Atheism: A Philosophical Justification, is an atheistic response to Pascal's wager regarding the existence of God. One version of the Atheist's wager suggests that since a kind and loving god would reward good deeds – and that if no gods exist, good ...
Alain de Botton (born 1969), author of Religion for Atheists: A Non-Believer's Guide to the Uses of Religion, 2012. [74] Daniel Dennett (born 1942): American author and philosopher. [75] Marquis de Sade (1740–1814): French aristocrat, revolutionary and writer of philosophy-laden and often violent pornography. [76]
Other means of reconciling God's omniscience with human free will have been proposed. Some have attempted to redefine or reconceptualize free will: God can know in advance what I will do, because free will is to be understood only as freedom from coercion, and anything further is an illusion. This is the move made by compatibilistic philosophies.