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  2. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    In common temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Complex molecules can also form various mesophases such as liquid crystals, which are intermediate between the liquid and solid phases. At high temperatures or strong electromagnetic fields atoms become ionized, forming plasma .

  3. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and Fermionic ...

  4. Matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter

    Matter. Hydrogen in its plasma state is the most abundant ordinary matter in the universe. In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. [ 1] All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles ...

  5. Quark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

    A quark ( / kwɔːrk, kwɑːrk /) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. [ 1] All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons.

  6. Chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

    Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.

  7. Classical element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element

    t. e. The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances. [ 1][ 2] Ancient cultures in Greece, Angola, Tibet, India, and Mali had similar lists which sometimes referred, in local languages, to "air" as "wind ...

  8. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter : solid , liquid , and gas , and in rare cases, plasma .

  9. List of particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

    Nucleons are the fermionic constituents of normal atomic nuclei: Protons, composed of two up and one down quark (uud) Neutrons, composed of two down and one up quark (ddu) Hyperons, such as the Λ, Σ, Ξ, and Ω particles, which contain one or more strange quarks, are short-lived and heavier than nucleons.

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