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  2. Refractive error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error

    The individual would experience difficulty in near vision, often relieved by reading glasses, bifocal, or progressive lenses. Astigmatism is when the refractive power of the eye is not uniform across the surface of the cornea because of asymmetry. In other words, the eye focuses light more strongly in one direction than another, leading to ...

  3. Eye chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_chart

    Landolt C. Lea test. logMAR chart. An eye chart is a chart used to measure visual acuity comprising lines of optotypes in ranges of sizes. Optotypes are the letters or symbols shown on an eye chart. [ 1] Eye charts are often used by health care professionals, such as optometrists, physicians and nurses, to screen persons for vision impairment.

  4. Snellen chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart

    Snellen chart. Purpose. Snellen chart is used to estimate visual acuity (last three rows are 20/15, 20/13 and 20/10) A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen who developed the chart in 1862 as a measurement tool for the acuity formula ...

  5. Visual impairment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment

    Visual impairment. Visual or vision impairment ( VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. [ 6]

  6. Eye movement in reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_in_reading

    Eye tracking device is a tool created to help measure eye and head movements. The first devices for tracking eye movement took two main forms: those that relied on a mechanical connection between participant and recording instrument, and those in which light or some other form of electromagnetic energy was directed at the participant's eyes and its reflection measured and recorded.

  7. Pinhole glasses - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_glasses

    Pinhole glasses, also known as stenopeic glasses, are eyeglasses with a series of pinhole-sized perforations filling an opaque sheet of plastic in place of each lens. Similar to the workings of a pinhole camera , each perforation allows only a very narrow beam of light to enter the eye which reduces the size of the circle of confusion on the ...

  8. Amsler grid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsler_grid

    The grid was developed by Marc Amsler, a Swiss ophthalmologist. It is a diagnostic tool that aids in the detection of visual disturbances caused by changes in the retina, particularly the macula (e.g. macular degeneration, Epiretinal membrane ), as well as the optic nerve and the visual pathway to the brain. Amsler grid usually help detecting ...

  9. Visual acuity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity

    Eye examination for visual acuity. Visual acuity is a measure of the spatial resolution of the visual processing system. VA, as it is sometimes referred to by optical professionals, is tested by requiring the person whose vision is being tested to identify so-called optotypes – stylized letters, Landolt rings, pediatric symbols, symbols for the illiterate, standardized Cyrillic letters in ...