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Animals must live in kin-groups during part of the game for the opportunity for this altruistic sacrifice ever to take place. Games must take into account inclusive fitness. Fitness function is the combined fitness of a group of related contestants – each weighted by the degree of relatedness – relative to the total genetic population.
Gain-of-function research ( GoF research or GoFR) is medical research that genetically alters an organism in a way that may enhance the biological functions of gene products. This may include an altered pathogenesis, transmissibility, or host range, i.e., the types of hosts that a microorganism can infect. This research is intended to reveal ...
Cultured meat, also known as cultivated meat among other names, is a form of cellular agriculture where meat is produced by culturing animal cells in vitro. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques pioneered in regenerative medicine. [ 4 ] Jason Matheny popularized the concept in the early 2000s after he co ...
Game or quarry is any wild animal hunted for animal products (primarily meat ), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies. [ 1] The species of animals hunted as game varies in different parts of the world and by different local jurisdictions, though most are terrestrial mammals and birds. Fish caught non- commercially ( recreational fishing ...
Around 50–100 million vertebrate animals are used in experiments annually. Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
The Three Rs ( 3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in product testing and scientific research. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. [ 1] The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research. Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain ...
Harem (zoology) A harem is an animal group consisting of one or two males, a number of females, and their offspring. The dominant male drives off other males and maintains the unity of the group. If present, the second male is subservient to the dominant male. As juvenile males grow, they leave the group and roam as solitary individuals or join ...
The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science ( AALAS) is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit membership association, established in 1950 as a forum for the exchange of information and expertise in the care and use of laboratory animals. Membership consists of approximately 12,000 individual, institutional, commercial and affiliate members.