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The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world . The mind–body problem is a paradigmatic issue in philosophy of mind, although a number of other issues are addressed, such as the hard problem of consciousness and the nature of particular mental states.
The mind–body problem is a philosophical problem concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind and body. [1] [2] It is not obvious how the concept of the mind and the concept of the body relate. For example, feelings of sadness (which are mental events) cause people to cry (which is a physical state of the body).
In philosophy of mind, the extended mind thesis says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world. [3] The thesis proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a cognitive process and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself.
Consciousness, at its simplest, is awarenessof internal and externalexistence.[1] However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate by philosophers, scientists, and theologians. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness.
David John Chalmers (/ ˈ tʃ ɑː l m ər z /) [1] is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is a professor of philosophy and neural science at New York University , as well as co-director of NYU's Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness (along ...
The problem of mental causation is a conceptual issue in the philosophy of mind. That problem, in short, is how to account for the common-sense idea that intentional thoughts or intentional mental states are causes of intentional actions. The problem divides into several distinct sub-problems, including the problem of causal exclusion, the ...
Hard problem of consciousness. In the philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness is to explain why and how humans and other organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience. [1] [2] It is contrasted with the "easy problems" of explaining why and how physical systems give a (healthy) human being the ability to ...
In psychology, theory of mind refers to the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them. A theory of mind includes the knowledge that others' beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and thoughts may be different from one's own. [ 1] Possessing a functional theory of mind is crucial for success in everyday human social ...