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  2. Prisoner's dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner's_dilemma

    Prisoner's dilemma. The prisoner's dilemma is a game theory thought experiment that involves two rational agents, each of whom can cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner ("defect") for individual reward. This dilemma was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher in 1950 while they worked at the RAND Corporation. [ 1]

  3. Heinz dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_dilemma

    The Heinz dilemma is a frequently used example in many ethics and morality classes. One well-known version of the dilemma, used in Lawrence Kohlberg 's stages of moral development, is stated as follows: [ 1] A woman was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors said would save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same ...

  4. Unexpected hanging paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexpected_hanging_paradox

    Unexpected hanging paradox. The unexpected hanging paradox or surprise test paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event which they are told will occur at an unexpected time. The paradox is variously applied to a prisoner's hanging or a surprise school test. It was first introduced to the public in ...

  5. False dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma

    A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid form of inference but in a false premise. This premise has the form of a disjunctive claim: it asserts that one among a number of ...

  6. Innocent prisoner's dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_prisoner's_dilemma

    Innocent prisoner's dilemma. The innocent prisoner's dilemma, or parole deal, is a detrimental effect of a legal system in which admission of guilt can result in reduced sentences or early parole. When an innocent person is wrongly convicted of a crime, legal systems which need the individual to admit guilt — as, for example, a prerequisite ...

  7. Moore's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_paradox

    Moore's paradox concerns the apparent absurdity involved in asserting a first-person present-tense sentence such as "It is raining, but I do not believe that it is raining" or "It is raining, but I believe that it is not raining." The first author to note this apparent absurdity was George E. Moore. [ 1] These 'Moorean' sentences, as they have ...

  8. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    List of paradoxes. Outline of public relations – Overview of and topical guide to public relations. Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object (confusing map with territory, menu with meal) Mathematical fallacy – Certain type of mistaken proof.

  9. Collective action problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_action_problem

    Collective action problem. A collective action problem or social dilemma is a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. [1] [2] [3] The collective action problem has been addressed in political philosophy for centuries ...