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An Earley parser is an example of such an algorithm, while the widely used LR and LL parsers are simpler algorithms that deal only with more restrictive subsets of context-free grammars. Formal definitions. A context-free grammar G is defined by the 4-tuple = (,,,), where
A deterministic finite automaton M is a 5- tuple, (Q, Σ, δ, q0, F), consisting of. a finite set of states Q. a finite set of input symbols called the alphabet Σ. a transition function δ : Q × Σ → Q. an initial or start state. q 0 ∈ Q {\displaystyle q_ {0}\in Q} a set of accept states. F ⊆ Q {\displaystyle F\subseteq Q}
Data type. In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. [1] A data type specification in a program constrains the possible ...
Cartesian product. Cartesian product of the sets { x, y, z } and {1,2,3} In mathematics, specifically set theory, the Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in A and b is in B. [1] In terms of set-builder notation, that is [2] [3] A table can be created by taking the Cartesian ...
Pushdown automaton. In the theory of computation, a branch of theoretical computer science, a pushdown automaton ( PDA) is a type of automaton that employs a stack . Pushdown automata are used in theories about what can be computed by machines. They are more capable than finite-state machines but less capable than Turing machines (see below ).
In mathematics, a multiset (or bag, or mset) is a modification of the concept of a set that, unlike a set, [1] allows for multiple instances for each of its elements. The number of instances given for each element is called the multiplicity of that element in the multiset. As a consequence, an infinite number of multisets exist which contain ...
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model . Normalization entails organizing the columns ...
In graph theory, the Weisfeiler Leman graph isomorphism test is a heuristic test for the existence of an isomorphism between two graphs G and H. [1] It is a generalization of the color refinement algorithm and has been first described by Weisfeiler and Leman in 1968. [2] The original formulation is based on graph canonization, a normal form for ...