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The legend is inscribed with "KRUGERRAND" and the gold weight. The Krugerrand ( / ˈkruːɡərænd /; [ 1] Afrikaans: [ˈkry.ərˌrant]) is a South African coin, first minted on 3 July 1967 to help market South African gold and produced by Rand Refinery and the South African Mint. [ 2][ 3] The name is a compound of Paul Kruger, the former ...
Art theft and looting occurred on a massive scale during World War II. It originated with the policies of the Axis countries, primarily Nazi Germany and Japan, which systematically looted occupied territories. Near the end of the war the Soviet Union, in turn, began looting reclaimed and occupied territories. "The grand scale of looted artwork ...
[19] [20] The year 1880 is considered by at least one source to be the beginning of modern foreign exchange: the gold standard began in that year. [21] Prior to the First World War, there was a much more limited control of international trade. Motivated by the onset of war, countries abandoned the gold standard monetary system. [22]
The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook, the second list shows the World Bank's data, and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division. The IMF's definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in ...
A gold reserve is the gold held by a national central bank, intended mainly as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g. paper money ), or trading peers, during the eras of the gold standard, and also as a store of value, or to support the value of the national currency . The World Gold Council estimates that all the ...
The 1978 series began with denominations of 2, 5, 10, and 20 rand, with a 50 rand introduced in 1984. This series had only one language variant for each denomination of note. Afrikaans was the first language on the 2, 10, and 50 rand, while English was the first on the 5 and 20 rand. A coin replaced the 1 rand note.
In the past 20 years Romania has also grown into a major center for mobile technology, information security, and related hardware research. The country is a regional leader in fields such as IT and motor vehicle production. [49] [50] [51] Bucharest, the capital city, is one of the leading financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe.
Countries by total wealth, 2022 (2023 publication) National net wealth, also known as national net worth, is the total sum of the value of a country's assets minus its liabilities.