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  2. SOS-convexity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS-convexity

    SOS-convexity. A multivariate polynomial is SOS-convex (or sum of squares convex) if its Hessian matrix H can be factored as H ( x) = ST ( x) S ( x) where S is a matrix (possibly rectangular) which entries are polynomials in x. [1] In other words, the Hessian matrix is a SOS matrix polynomial . An equivalent definition is that the form defined ...

  3. Binomial coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient

    For natural numbers (taken to include 0) n and k, the binomial coefficient can be defined as the coefficient of the monomial Xk in the expansion of (1 + X)n. The same coefficient also occurs (if k ≤ n) in the binomial formula. (∗) (valid for any elements x, y of a commutative ring ), which explains the name "binomial coefficient".

  4. Ugg boots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugg_boots

    Ugg boots. A pair of ugg boots. Ugg boots [1] are a unisex style of sheepskin boot originating in Australia. The boots are typically made of twin-faced sheepskin with fleece on the inside, a tanned outer surface and a synthetic sole. The term "ugg boots" originated in Australia, initially for utilitarian footwear worn for warmth, and which were ...

  5. Basel problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem

    for every r = 1, 2, ..., m. The values x r = x 1, x 2, ..., x m are distinct numbers in the interval 0 < x r < π / 2. Since the function cot 2 x is one-to-one on this interval, the numbers t r = cot 2 x r are distinct for r = 1, 2, ..., m. By the above equation, these m numbers are the roots of the m th degree polynomial

  6. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    For any integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n + 1 ≡ 4 (mod 6). Equivalently, n − 1 / 3 ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if n ≡ 4 (mod 6). Conjecturally, this inverse relation forms a tree except for the 12–4 loop (the inverse of the 4–21 loop of the unaltered function f defined in the Statement of the problem section of this ...

  7. Exact differential equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_differential_equation

    Definition. Given a simply connected and open subset D of and two functions I and J which are continuous on D, an implicit first-order ordinary differential equation of the form. is called an exact differential equation if there exists a continuously differentiable function F, called the potential function, [1] [2] so that.

  8. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    Since cos(x) ≤ 1 for all x and x 3 > 1 for x > 1, we know that our solution lies between 0 and 1. For example, with an initial guess x 0 = 0.5 , the sequence given by Newton's method is (note that a starting value of 0 will lead to an undefined result, showing the importance of using a starting point that is close to the solution):

  9. Binomial theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theorem

    In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the polynomial (x + y) n into a sum involving terms of the form ax b y c, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative integers with b + c = n, and the coefficient a of each term is a specific positive integer depending ...

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