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In predictive analytics, a table of confusion (sometimes also called a confusion matrix) is a table with two rows and two columns that reports the number of true positives, false negatives, false positives, and true negatives. This allows more detailed analysis than simply observing the proportion of correct classifications (accuracy).
These can be arranged into a 2×2 contingency table (confusion matrix), conventionally with the test result on the vertical axis and the actual condition on the horizontal axis. These numbers can then be totaled, yielding both a grand total and marginal totals. Totaling the entire table, the number of true positives, false negatives, true ...
A confusion network (sometimes called a word confusion network or informally known as a sausage) is a natural language processing method that combines outputs from multiple automatic speech recognition or machine translation systems. [1] [2] Confusion networks are simple linear directed acyclic graphs with the property that each a path from the ...
Carol Myers-Scotton's Matrix Language-Frame (MLF) model is the dominant model of insertional code-switching. [37] The MLF model posits that there is a Matrix Language (ML) and an Embedded Language (EL). In this case, elements of the Embedded Language are inserted into the morphosyntactic frame of the Matrix Language.
Arnold's cat map is a particularly well-known example of a hyperbolic toral automorphism, which is an automorphism of a torus given by a square unimodular matrix having no eigenvalues of absolute value 1. [ 3] The set of the points with a periodic orbit is dense on the torus. Actually a point is periodic if and only if its coordinates are rational.
Confusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input ( plaintext ), and output ( ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. [ 2] Although ciphers can be confusion-only ( substitution cipher ...
In cryptography, an S-box ( substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear [ 1] vectorial Boolean function.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. [32]Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected.