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The original French and Raven (1959) model included five bases of power – reward, coercion, legitimate, expert, and referent – however, informational power was added by Raven in 1965, bringing the total to six. [ 5] Since then, the model has gone through very significant developments: coercion and reward can have personal as well as ...
Implicit leadership theory ( ILT) is a cognitive theory of leadership developed by Robert Lord and colleagues. [ 1] It is based on the idea that individuals create cognitive representations of the world, and use these preconceived notions to interpret their surroundings and control their behaviors. [ 2] ILT suggests that group members have ...
The three levels referred to in the model's name are Public, Private and Personal leadership. The model is usually presented in diagram form as three concentric circles and four outwardly directed arrows, with personal leadership in the center. The first two levels – public and private leadership – are "outer" or "behavioral" levels.
The leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is a relationship-based approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way relationship between leaders and followers. [1]The latest version (2016) of leader–member exchange theory of leadership development explains the growth of vertical dyadic workplace influence and team performance in terms of selection and self-selection of informal ...
Machiavellianism in the workplace is a concept studied by many organizational psychologists. Conceptualized originally by Richard Christie and Florence Geis, Machiavellianism refers to a psychological trait construct where individuals behave in a cold and duplicitous manner. [1] [2] It has been adapted and applied to the context of the ...
Need theory. Need theory, also known as Three needs theory, [1] proposed by psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power affect the actions of people from a managerial context. This model was developed in the 1960s, [2] two decades after Maslow's hierarchy ...
The table below compares task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership styles side-by-side: Task-Oriented. Relationship-Oriented. Emphasis on work facilitation. Emphasis on interaction facilitation. Focus on structure, roles and tasks. Focus on relationships, well-being and motivation. Produce desired results is a priority.
Functional leadership model. Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader ...