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Air–fuel equivalence ratio, λ (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. λ = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures λ < 1.0, and lean mixtures λ > 1.0. There is a direct relationship between λ and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given λ, multiply the measured λ by the stoichiometric AFR for that fuel.
Oxygen sensor. An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor, where lambda refers to air–fuel equivalence ratio, usually denoted by λ) or probe or sond, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. It was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH during the late 1960s under the supervision of Günter ...
Failure rate. Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter λ (lambda) and is often used in reliability engineering . The failure rate of a system usually depends on time, with the rate varying over the life cycle of the system.
The AFR sensor uses dedicated electronic circuitry to set a pumping current in the sensor's pump cell. In other words, if the air/fuel mixture is lean, the pump cell circuit voltage momentarily goes low and the ECM immediately regulates the current going through it in order to maintain a set voltage value or stoichiometric ratio inside the ...
CHART #2: SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON OF DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATESÕ HEALTH PLANS. CHART #2: SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON OF DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATES’ HEALTH PLANS. By Susan J. Blumenthal, M.D., Jessica B. Rubin, Michelle E. Treseler, Jefferson Lin, and David Mattos*. Stated Goals for Coverage. Joe Biden. Chris Dodd.
The Carolina Panthers started their preseason opener against the New England Patriots with just seven available offensive linemen. By the end of Thursday’s 17-3 loss at Gillette Stadium, the ...
Titans depth chart: Defense, special teams Interior defensive line (5): Jeffery Simmons, T'Vondre Sweat, Sebastian Joseph-Day, Marlon Davidson, Keondre Coburn On the bubble: Coburn, TK McLendon Jr.
Using the Smith chart, the normalised impedance may be obtained with appreciable accuracy by plotting the point representing the reflection coefficient treating the Smith chart as a polar diagram and then reading its value directly using the characteristic Smith chart scaling. This technique is a graphical alternative to substituting the values ...