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Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. Models of communication are simplified representations of the process of communication.
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first and most influential models of communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message.
Lasswell's model is one of the earliest and most influential models of communication. [3] : 109 It was first published by Harold Lasswell in his 1948 essay The Structure and Function of Communication in Society. [4] Its aim is to organize the "scientific study of the process of communication ". It has been described as "a linear and Uni ...
The four-sides model also known as communication square or four-ears model is a communication model described in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. [2] [3] It describes the multi-layered structure of human utterances. In it von Thun combined the idea of a postulate (the second axiom) from psychologist Paul Watzlawick, that ...
Cynefin framework. The Cynefin framework as revised. The Cynefin framework ( / kəˈnɛvɪn / kuh-NEV-in) [1] is a conceptual framework used to aid decision-making. [2] Created in 1999 by Dave Snowden when he worked for IBM Global Services, it has been described as a " sense-making device". [3] [4] Cynefin is a Welsh word for 'habitat'.
The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines the auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions.
Barnlund's model is based on a set of fundamental assumptions holding that communication is dynamic, continuous, circular, irreversible, complex, and unrepeatable. Cues are of central importance in Barnlund's model. A cue is anything to which one may attribute meaning or which can trigger a response. Barnlund distinguishes between public ...
Schramm's model of communication is an early and influential model of communication. It was first published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954 and includes innovations over previous models, such as the inclusion of a feedback loop and the discussion of the role of fields of experience. For Schramm, communication is about sharing information or having a ...