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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction. Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing (obstruction) of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself. It is generally characterized by inflamed and easily ...
Many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Treatment with supplemental oxygen may improve their well-being; alternatively, in some this can lead to the adverse effect of elevating the carbon dioxide content in the blood ( hypercapnia) to ...
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Shortness of breath (SOB), known as dyspnea (in AmE) or dyspnoea (in BrE), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct ...
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder ( CPTSD, sometimes hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas, [ 1] i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, within which individuals perceive little or no chance to escape. [ 2][ 3][ 4]
Essentially, if your friends have risky behaviors around drugs and alcohol as a teen, you’re more likely to do the same—and that can set you down a path for health issues that linger well into ...
12% per year [ 4][ 7] Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear [ 2] such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired. [ 2] Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, easy ...