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Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned stimulus is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation).
The Dunning–Kruger effect is defined as the tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of this ability. [2][3][4] This is often seen as a cognitive bias, i.e. as a systematic tendency to engage in erroneous forms of thinking and judging. [5][6][7] In the case of the Dunning–Kruger effect, this ...
v. t. e. In the United States, academic grading commonly takes on the form of five, six or seven letter grades. Traditionally, the grades are A+, A, A−, B+, B, B−, C+, C, C−, D+, D, D− and F, with A+ being the highest and F being lowest. In some cases, grades can also be numerical. Numeric-to-letter-grade conversions generally vary from ...
Quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon of a group of particles being generated, interacting, or sharing spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance.
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Douglas I. Foy (born c. 1947 [1]) is an environmental advocate and former president of the Conservation Law Foundation. [1] In 2003, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney appointed Foy to the new post of Chief of Commonwealth Development. Romney instructed Foy "to devise an environmentally-friendly 'smart growth' plan for the state and ...
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Copernicus's Toruń birthplace (ul. Kopernika 15, left).Together with no. 17 (right), it forms Muzeum Mikołaja Kopernika.Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the city of Toruń (Thorn), in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, [10] [11] to German-speaking parents.