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  2. Boyle's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_law

    For a fixed mass of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. [2] Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held constant.

  3. Plummer model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plummer_model

    The Plummer 3-dimensional density profile is given by = (+) /, where is the total mass of the cluster, and a is the Plummer radius, a scale parameter that sets the size of the cluster core. The corresponding potential is Φ P ( r ) = − G M 0 r 2 + a 2 , {\displaystyle \Phi _{P}(r)=-{\frac {GM_{0}}{\sqrt {r^{2}+a^{2}}}},} where G is Newton 's ...

  4. Avogadro's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Law

    For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are constant. The law is named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1812, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal gas, of the same volume and at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same ...

  5. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    Instead of the Higgs mass, the Higgs self-coupling strength =, which is approximately 0.129, can be chosen as a free parameter. Instead of the Higgs vacuum expectation value, the μ 2 {\displaystyle \mu ^{2}} parameter directly from the Higgs self-interaction term μ 2 ϕ † ϕ − λ ( ϕ † ϕ ) 2 {\displaystyle \mu ^{2}\phi ^{\dagger }\phi ...

  6. Mass fraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)

    A solution with 1 g of solute dissolved in a final volume of 100 mL of solution would be labeled as "1%" or "1% m/v" (mass/volume). This is incorrect because the unit "%" can only be used for dimensionless quantities. Instead, the concentration should simply be given in units of g/mL.

  7. On shell and off shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_shell_and_off_shell

    the mass–energy equivalence formula which gives the energy in terms of the momentum and the rest mass of a particle. The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum ; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} , as p μ p μ ≡ p ...

  8. Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann–Okubo_mass_formula

    The mass formula was obtained by considering the representations of the Lie algebra su(3). In particular, the meson octet corresponds to the root system of the adjoint representation . However, the simplest, lowest-dimensional representation of su(3) is the fundamental representation , which is three-dimensional, and is now understood to ...

  9. Virial theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem

    If a total mass M is confined within a radius R, then the moment of inertia is roughly MR 2, and the left hand side of the virial theorem is ⁠ MR 2 / τ 2 ⁠. The terms on the right hand side add up to about pR 3, where p is the larger of the plasma pressure or the magnetic pressure. Equating these two terms and solving for τ, we find