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Sliding mode control. In control systems, sliding mode control ( SMC) is a nonlinear control method that alters the dynamics of a nonlinear system by applying a discontinuous control signal (or more rigorously, a set-valued control signal) that forces the system to "slide" along a cross-section of the system's normal behavior.
A sigmoid function is any mathematical function whose graph has a characteristic S-shaped or sigmoid curve . A common example of a sigmoid function is the logistic function shown in the first figure and defined by the formula: [1] Other standard sigmoid functions are given in the Examples section. In some fields, most notably in the context of ...
Figure 1. Probabilistic parameters of a hidden Markov model (example) X — states y — possible observations a — state transition probabilities b — output probabilities. In its discrete form, a hidden Markov process can be visualized as a generalization of the urn problem with replacement (where each item from the urn is returned to the original urn before the next step). [7]
State switching (a.k.a. phenotypic switching) is a fundamental physiological process in which a cell/organism undergoes spontaneous, and potentially reversible, transitions between different phenotypes. Thus, the ability to switch states/phenotypes ( phenotypic plasticity) is a key feature of development and normal function of cells within most ...
Plot of the ReLU rectifier (blue) and GELU (green) functions near x = 0. In the context of artificial neural networks, the rectifier or ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function[ 1][ 2] is an activation function defined as the non-negative part of its argument: where is the input to a neuron. This is also known as a ramp function and is ...
Supervised learning. Supervised learning ( SL) is a paradigm in machine learning where input objects (for example, a vector of predictor variables) and a desired output value (also known as a human-labeled supervisory signal) train a model. The training data is processed, building a function that maps new data to expected output values. [ 1]
Canonical normal form. In Boolean algebra, any Boolean function can be expressed in the canonical disjunctive normal form ( CDNF ), [1] minterm canonical form, or Sum of Products ( SoP or SOP) as a disjunction (OR) of minterms. The De Morgan dual is the canonical conjunctive normal form ( CCNF ), maxterm canonical form, or Product of Sums ( PoS ...
Probability theory. In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is The parameter is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode ), while ...