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Article indices. v. t. e. In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of time. A decrease in cost per unit of output enables an increase in scale that is, increased production with lowered cost. [1]
Bioeconomy. Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy is economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies.
Biology and consumer behaviour. Consumer behaviour is the study of the motivations surrounding a purchase of a product or service. It has been linked to the field of psychology, [1] sociology [2] and economics [3] in attempts to analyse when, why, where and how people purchase in the way that they do. However, little literature has considered ...
Bioeconomics may refer to: Bioeconomics (fisheries), the study of the dynamics of living resources using economic models. Bioeconomics (biophysical), the study of economic systems applying the laws of thermodynamics. Biological economics, the study of the relationship between human biology and economics.
Agribusiness is the industry, enterprises, and the field of study [1] of value chains in agriculture [2] and in the bio-economy, [3] in which case it is also called bio-business [4] [5] or bio-enterprise. The primary goal of agribusiness is to maximize profit while satisfying the needs of consumers for products related to natural resources such ...
Retail is the sale of goods and services to consumers, in contrast to wholesaling, which is sale to business or institutional customers. A retailer purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers, directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells in smaller quantities to consumers for a profit. Retailers are the final link in the supply ...
Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited ...
Typically, an excise is distinguished from a sales tax or VAT in three ways: an excise is typically a per unit tax, costing a specific amount for a volume or unit of the item purchased, whereas a sales tax or value-added tax is an ad valorem tax and proportional to the price of the goods, an excise typically applies to a narrow range of ...