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  2. False positives and false negatives - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false...

    In statistical hypothesis testing, the analogous concepts are known as type I and type II errors, where a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis, and a negative result corresponds to not rejecting the null hypothesis. The terms are often used interchangeably, but there are differences in detail and interpretation due to ...

  3. Type I and type II errors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors

    Type I and type II errors. In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error, or a false positive, is the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is actually true. For example, an innocent person may be convicted. A type II error, or a false negative, is the failure to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false.

  4. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    The Banach–Tarski paradox: A ball can be decomposed and reassembled into two balls the same size as the original. Banach–Tarski paradox: A ball can be cut into a finite number of pieces and re-assembling the pieces will get two balls, each of equal size to the first. The von Neumann paradox is a two-dimensional version.

  5. Observational error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error

    Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Donate; Pages for logged out editors learn more

  6. Trial and error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error

    An example is a skillful way in which his terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily misunderstood as an insightful act by someone seeing the final behavior. Lloyd Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to ...

  7. Titration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration

    Titration. A burette and Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) being used for an acid–base titration. Titration (also known as titrimetry[ 1] and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed).

  8. Westgard rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgard_Rules

    The Westgard rules are a set of statistical patterns, each being unlikely to occur by random variability, thereby raising a suspicion of faulty accuracy or precision of the measurement system. They are used for laboratory quality control, in "runs" consisting of measurements of multiple samples. They are a set of modified Western Electric rules ...

  9. Analytical chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry

    Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter. [ 1] In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates analytes.